Urothelial carcinoma

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31 regimens on this page
47 variants on this page


Intravesical chemotherapy

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)

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Regimen #1, Lamm et al. 2000 (intravesical & percutaneous, with maintenance therapy)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Induction therapy

  • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Connaught strain) 81 mg in 50.5 mL saline suspension is created and administered as follows:
    • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Connaught strain) 50 mL (~80.2 mg) intravesicularly, and delivered through a catheter into the bladder once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36. Patients lie on their abdomen for 15 minutes and retain the BCG suspension for up to 2 hours if possible.
    • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Connaught strain) 0.5 mL (~0.8 mg) applied once per day on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36 to the inner thigh, which is first cleaned with alcohol. For percutaneous administration, the skin is punctured 3 times with a sterile 28 gauge needle. Each subsequent administration alternates between thighs (i.e. left thigh on one week, right thigh the next week, left thigh the week after, etc.).

6-week course, then proceed to maintenance therapy

Maintenance therapy

Lamm et al. 2000 was a bit unclear about the schedule of maintenance therapy. This is my best interpretation of how the schedule was described.

  • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Connaught strain) 81 mg in 50.5 mL saline suspension is created and administered as follows:
    • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Connaught strain) 50 mL (~80.2 mg) intravesicularly, and delivered through a catheter into the bladder once per day on days 1, 8, 15. Patients lie on their abdomen for 15 minutes and retain the BCG suspension for up to 2 hours if possible.
    • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Connaught strain) 0.5 mL (~0.8 mg) applied once per day on days 1, 8, 15 to the inner thigh, which is first cleaned with alcohol. For percutaneous administration, the skin is punctured 3 times with a sterile 28 gauge needle. Each subsequent administration alternates between thighs (i.e. left thigh on one week, right thigh the next week, left thigh the week after, etc.).

3-week courses; each course is given at 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, and 36 months after the start of induction therapy

Regimen #2, Ojea et al. 2007 (lower dose BCG, CUETO study 95011)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Treatment begins 14 to 21 days after transurethral resection of bladder cancer.

Induction therapy

6-week course, then proceed to additional therapy

Additional therapy

12-week course; 6 doses given during this course (i.e. once on weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)

References

  1. Martínez-Piñeiro JA, Jiménez León J, Martínez-Piñeiro L Jr, Fiter L, Mosteiro JA, Navarro J, García Matres MJ, Cárcamo P. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus doxorubicin versus thiotepa: a randomized prospective study in 202 patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 1990 Mar;143(3):502-6. PubMed
  2. Sylvester RJ, van der MEIJDEN AP, Lamm DL. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol. 2002 Nov;168(5):1964-70. link to original article PubMed
  3. Ojea A, Nogueira JL, Solsona E, Flores N, Gómez JM, Molina JR, Chantada V, Camacho JE, Piñeiro LM, Rodríguez RH, Isorna S, Blas M, Martínez-Piñeiro JA, Madero R; CUETO Group (Club Urológico Español De Tratamiento Oncológico). A multicentre, randomised prospective trial comparing three intravesical adjuvant therapies for intermediate-risk superficial bladder cancer: low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (27 mg) versus very low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (13.5 mg) versus mitomycin C. Eur Urol. 2007 Nov;52(5):1398-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  4. Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD, Montie JE, Gottesman JE, Lowe BA, Sarosdy MF, Bohl RD, Grossman HB, Beck TM, Leimert JT, Crawford ED. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Urol. 2000 Apr;163(4):1124-9. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)

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Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Inferior to BCG, included for reference purposes only.

References

  1. Martínez-Piñeiro JA, Jiménez León J, Martínez-Piñeiro L Jr, Fiter L, Mosteiro JA, Navarro J, García Matres MJ, Cárcamo P. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus doxorubicin versus thiotepa: a randomized prospective study in 202 patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 1990 Mar;143(3):502-6. PubMed

Mitomycin (Mutamycin)

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Regimen, Ojea et al. 2007 (CUETO study 95011)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Treatment begins 14 to 21 days after transurethral resection of bladder cancer.

Induction therapy

6-week course, then proceed to additional therapy

Additional therapy

12-week course; 6 doses given during this course (i.e. once on weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)

References

  1. Ojea A, Nogueira JL, Solsona E, Flores N, Gómez JM, Molina JR, Chantada V, Camacho JE, Piñeiro LM, Rodríguez RH, Isorna S, Blas M, Martínez-Piñeiro JA, Madero R; CUETO Group (Club Urológico Español De Tratamiento Oncológico). A multicentre, randomised prospective trial comparing three intravesical adjuvant therapies for intermediate-risk superficial bladder cancer: low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (27 mg) versus very low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (13.5 mg) versus mitomycin C. Eur Urol. 2007 Nov;52(5):1398-406. Epub 2007 Apr 27. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Pirarubicin (THP)

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Regimen, Ito et al. 2013

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Pirarubicin was given within 48 hours after nephroureterectomy.

  • Pirarubicin (THP) 30 mg in 30 mL normal saline intravesicularly, delivered through a catheter into the bladder, and retained for 30 minutes

1 dose

References

  1. Ito A, Shintaku I, Satoh M, Ioritani N, Aizawa M, Tochigi T, Kawamura S, Aoki H, Numata I, Takeda A, Namiki S, Namima T, Ikeda Y, Kambe K, Kyan A, Ueno S, Orikasa K, Katoh S, Adachi H, Tokuyama S, Ishidoya S, Yamaguchi T, Arai Y. Prospective randomized phase II trial of a single early intravesical instillation of pirarubicin (THP) in the prevention of bladder recurrence after nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: the THP Monotherapy Study Group Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Apr 10;31(11):1422-7. Epub 2013 Mar 4. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Placebo

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Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase III

No treatment; used as a comparator arm and included for reference purposes only.

References

  1. Ito A, Shintaku I, Satoh M, Ioritani N, Aizawa M, Tochigi T, Kawamura S, Aoki H, Numata I, Takeda A, Namiki S, Namima T, Ikeda Y, Kambe K, Kyan A, Ueno S, Orikasa K, Katoh S, Adachi H, Tokuyama S, Ishidoya S, Yamaguchi T, Arai Y. Prospective randomized phase II trial of a single early intravesical instillation of pirarubicin (THP) in the prevention of bladder recurrence after nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: the THP Monotherapy Study Group Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Apr 10;31(11):1422-7. Epub 2013 Mar 4. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Thiotepa (Thioplex)

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Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Inferior to BCG, included for reference purposes only.

References

  1. Martínez-Piñeiro JA, Jiménez León J, Martínez-Piñeiro L Jr, Fiter L, Mosteiro JA, Navarro J, García Matres MJ, Cárcamo P. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus doxorubicin versus thiotepa: a randomized prospective study in 202 patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 1990 Mar;143(3):502-6. PubMed

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)

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GC: Gemcitabine, Cisplatin

Regimen #1, Dash et al. 2008 (single-dose cisplatin)

Level of Evidence: Retrospective

21-day cycles x 4 cycles

Regimen #2, Dash et al. 2008 (split-dose cisplatin)

Level of Evidence: Retrospective

21-day cycles x 4 cycles

References

  1. Dash A, Pettus JA 4th, Herr HW, Bochner BH, Dalbagni G, Donat SM, Russo P, Boyle MG, Milowsky MI, Bajorin DF. A role for neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a retrospective experience. Cancer. 2008 Nov 1;113(9):2471-7. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

CMV, MCV

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CMV: Cisplatin, Methotrexate, Vinblastine
MCV: Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Vinblastine

Regimen, International Collaboration of Trialists 2011 (CMV)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Supportive medications:

  • Folinic acid (Leucovorin) 15 mg PO/IV every 6 hours x 4 doses (total daily dose: 60 mg/m2) on days 2 & 9; given after hydration, with the first dose 24 hours after the previous day's dose of methotrexate

21-day cycles x 3 cycles

References

  1. International Collaboration of Trialists; Medical Research Council Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party (now the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Cancer Clinical Studies Group); European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Group; Australian Bladder Cancer Study Group; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group; Finnbladder; Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group; Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico Group, Griffiths G, Hall R, Sylvester R, Raghavan D, Parmar MK. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jun 1;29(16):2171-7. Epub 2011 Apr 18. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

MVAC

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MVAC: Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Adriamycin, Cisplatin

Regimen #1, Grossman et al. 2003

Level of Evidence: Phase III

28-day cycles x 3 cycles

Regimen #2, Qu et al. 2013 (dose-dense MVAC)

Level of Evidence: Phase II

Supportive medications:

  • Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) 6 mg SC once on day 3
  • Use of Hesketh level 5 antiemetic regimen on day 2 (including aprepitant) was recommended

14-day cycles x 4 cycles; cystectomy to be performed 4 to 10 weeks after cycle 4 day 2

References

  1. Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, Speights VO, Vogelzang NJ, Trump DL, deVere White RW, Sarosdy MF, Wood DP Jr, Raghavan D, Crawford ED. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Aug 28;349(9):859-66. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Angela Q. Qu, Susanna J. Jacobus, Sabina Signoretti, Edward C. Stack, Katherine Maragaret Krajewski, Jonathan E. Rosenberg, Toni K. Choueiri. Phase II study of neoadjuvant dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (ddMVAC) chemotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial cancer (MI-UC): Pathologic and radiologic response, serum tumor markers, and DNA excision repair pathway biomarkers in relation to disease-free survival (DFS). 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting abstract 4530. link to abstract

No neoadjuvant therapy

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Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase III

No preoperative treatment; used as a comparator arm and here for reference purposes only.

References

  1. Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, Speights VO, Vogelzang NJ, Trump DL, deVere White RW, Sarosdy MF, Wood DP Jr, Raghavan D, Crawford ED. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Aug 28;349(9):859-66. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. International Collaboration of Trialists; Medical Research Council Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party (now the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Cancer Clinical Studies Group); European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Group; Australian Bladder Cancer Study Group; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group; Finnbladder; Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group; Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico Group, Griffiths G, Hall R, Sylvester R, Raghavan D, Parmar MK. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jun 1;29(16):2171-7. Epub 2011 Apr 18. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy -> RT

MCV -> RT

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Regimen, Zapatero, et al. 2000; Zapatero, et al. 2010; Zapatero, et al. 2012

Level of Evidence: 40 patients (Zapatero, et al. 2000); 41 patients (Zapatero, et al. 2010 & Zapatero, et al. 2012)

Patients in Zapatero, et al. 2000; Zapatero, et al. 2010; Zapatero, et al. 2012 had T2 to T4 Nx M0 disease.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

21-day cycles x 3 cycles; after 3 cycles of chemotherapy, patients underwent cystoscopy, biopsy, and abdominal CT. Patients with complete response or who were not surgical candidates proceeded to radiation therapy which begins 4 to 6 weeks after completion of chemotherapy. Otherwise, patients proceeded to cystectomy.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy starts 4 to 6 weeks after completion of chemotherapy.

  • Patients who had complete response received radiation therapy, 2 Gy fractions given 5 days per week, with total bladder dose of 60 Gy. Total dose to regional lymph nodes: 50 Gy.
    • Patients who did not have complete response received radiation therapy for a total dose to the bladder of 64 to 66 Gy. No further details given about fractionation, schedule, or dose to lymph nodes.

References

  1. Zapatero A, Martín de Vidales C, Marín A, Cerezo L, Arellano R, Rabadán M, Pérez-Torrubia A. Invasive bladder cancer: a single-institution experience with bladder-sparing approach. Int J Cancer. 2000 Oct 20;90(5):287-94. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Zapatero A, Martin de Vidales C, Arellano R, Bocardo G, Pérez M, Ríos P. Updated results of bladder-sparing trimodality approach for invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 2010 Jul-Aug;28(4):368-74. Epub 2009 Apr 11. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    2. Update: Zapatero A, Martin De Vidales C, Arellano R, Ibañez Y, Bocardo G, Perez M, Rabadan M, García Vicente F, Cruz Conde JA, Olivier C. Long-term results of two prospective bladder-sparing trimodality approaches for invasive bladder cancer: neoadjuvant chemotherapy and concurrent radio-chemotherapy. Urology. 2012 Nov;80(5):1056-62. Epub 2012 Sep 19. link to original article PubMed

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy -> concurrent chemotherapy & radiation therapy

MCV -> Cisplatin & RT

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Regimen #1, Shipley et al. 1998 (RTOG 89-03) & Mak et al. 2014

Level of Evidence: Phase III

2 cycles of MCV did not increase the rate of complete response over standard induction chemoradiation therapy with cisplatin and radiation.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

28-day cycles x 2 cycles

Induction therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 22
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 22 fractions, given 5 times per week (total dose: 39.6 Gy)

1 treatment course; patient is restaged 4 weeks after completion of radiation with "examination under anesthesia, cystoscopy with tumor-site biopsy, and urinary cytology." Patients not in complete remission usually proceeded to cystectomy. Patients in compete remission usually proceeded to consolidation therapy.

Consolidation therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 14 fractions, given 5 times per week (total dose in consolidation phase: 25.2 Gy; total overall dose in induction and consolidation phases: 64.8 Gy)

3-week course

Regimen #2, Tester et al. 1996 (RTOG 88-02) & Mak et al. 2014

Level of Evidence: Phase II

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

28-day cycles x 2 cycles, then patients proceeded to concurrent chemotherapy & radiation therapy

Induction therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 70 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 22
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 22 fractions (total dose: 39.6 Gy)

1 treatment course; patient is restaged 2 weeks after completion of radiation with "examination under anesthesia, cystoscopy with tumor-site biopsy, urinary cytology, and computed tomographic scan of pelvis." Patients with complete response--no evidence of disease on this evaluation--proceeded to consolidation radiotherapy. Patients without complete response proceeded immediately to cystectomy.

Consolidation therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 70 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 14 fractions (total dose in consolidation phase: 25.2 Gy; total overall dose in induction and consolidation phases: 64.8 Gy)

3-week course

References

  1. Tester W, Caplan R, Heaney J, Venner P, Whittington R, Byhardt R, True L, Shipley W. Neoadjuvant combined modality program with selective organ preservation for invasive bladder cancer: results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group phase II trial 8802. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jan;14(1):119-26. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Shipley WU, Winter KA, Kaufman DS, Lee WR, Heney NM, Tester WR, Donnelly BJ, Venner PM, Perez CA, Murray KJ, Doggett RS, True LD. Phase III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy: initial results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89-03. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Nov;16(11):3576-83. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. Pooled Update: Efstathiou JA, Bae K, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Hagan MP, Heney NM, Sandler HM. Late pelvic toxicity after bladder-sparing therapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: RTOG 89-03, 95-06, 97-06, 99-06. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 1;27(25):4055-61. link to original article PubMed
  4. Pooled Update: Mak RH, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Tester WJ, Hagan MP, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, Zietman AL. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Selective Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy: A Pooled Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Concurrent chemotherapy & radiation

Cisplatin & RT

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Regimen #1, Shipley, et al. 1998 (RTOG 89-03) & Mak et al. 2014

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Induction therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 22
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 22 fractions, given 5 times per week (total dose: 39.6 Gy)

1 treatment course patient is restaged 4 weeks after completion of radiation with "examination under anesthesia, cystoscopy with tumor-site biopsy, and urinary cytology." Patients not in complete remission usually proceeded to cystectomy. Patients in compete remission usually proceeded to consolidation therapy.

Consolidation therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 100 mg/m2 IV once on day 1
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 14 fractions, given 5 times per week (total dose in consolidation phase: 39.6 Gy; total overall dose in induction and consolidation phases: 64.8 Gy)

3-week course

Regimen #2, Zapatero, et al. 2010 & Zapatero, et al. 2012 (weekly cisplatin)

Level of Evidence: 33 patients (Zapatero, et al. 2010); 34 patients (Zapatero, et al. 2012)

Patients in Zapatero, et al. 2010 & Zapatero, et al. 2012 had T2 to T4 N0 M0 disease.

Induction therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 20 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16 (per Figure 1 of Zapatero, et al. 2010), given before radiation therapy.
  • Concurrent radiation therapy according to one of the following:
    • Accelerated hyperfractionated RT (AHFRT) with twice per day radiation, consisting of 1.8 Gy fractions x 12 fractions to the bladder and regional lymph nodes; 6 hours later, a 1.6 Gy fraction x 12 fractions is given to the "bladder tumor plus wide margin." Radiation therapy given 5 days per week; treatment on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 16. Total induction dose to bladder tumor: 40.8 Gy; total induction dose to regional lymph nodes: 21.6 Gy.
    • Normo-fractionated concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 to 2 Gy fractions, given 5 times per week. Total induction and consolidation bladder dose of 64 to 66 Gy; total induction and consolidation pelvic lymph node dose of 44 to 46 Gy. Zapatero, et al. 2010 & Zapatero, et al. 2012 did not specify how much of this dose was given during induction therapy vs. consolidation therapy, nor what adjustments, if any, were made to chemotherapy for this radiation schedule.

16-day course of therapy (for AHFRT). 3 weeks after finishing radiation and chemotherapy, patients underwent restaging TURBT. Patient with complete regression (R0) continued to consolidation therapy. Nonresponders proceeded to cystectomy.

Consolidation therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 20 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9 (per Figure 1 of Zapatero, et al. 2010), given before radiation therapy.
  • Concurrent radiation therapy according to one of the following:
    • Accelerated hyperfractionated RT (AHFRT), 1.5 Gy fractions twice per day x 16 fractions, treatment given on days 1 to 5, 8 to 10 (total consolidation dose: 24 Gy). After induction radiation therapy and consolidation radiation therapy, total dose to the bladder is 64.8 Gy; total dose to lymph nodes is 45.6 Gy.
    • Normo-fractionated concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 to 2 Gy fractions, given 5 times per week. Total induction and consolidation bladder dose of 64 to 66 Gy; total induction and consolidation pelvic lymph node dose of 44 to 46 Gy. Zapatero, et al. 2010 & Zapatero, et al. 2012 did not specify how much of this dose was given during induction therapy vs. consolidation therapy, nor what adjustments, if any, were made to chemotherapy for this radiation schedule.

16-day course of therapy (for AHFRT)

References

  1. Shipley WU, Winter KA, Kaufman DS, Lee WR, Heney NM, Tester WR, Donnelly BJ, Venner PM, Perez CA, Murray KJ, Doggett RS, True LD. Phase III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy: initial results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89-03. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Nov;16(11):3576-83. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Zapatero A, Martin de Vidales C, Arellano R, Bocardo G, Pérez M, Ríos P. Updated results of bladder-sparing trimodality approach for invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 2010 Jul-Aug;28(4):368-74. Epub 2009 Apr 11. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Zapatero A, Martin De Vidales C, Arellano R, Ibañez Y, Bocardo G, Perez M, Rabadan M, García Vicente F, Cruz Conde JA, Olivier C. Long-term results of two prospective bladder-sparing trimodality approaches for invasive bladder cancer: neoadjuvant chemotherapy and concurrent radio-chemotherapy. Urology. 2012 Nov;80(5):1056-62. Epub 2012 Sep 19. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. Pooled Update: Mak RH, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Tester WJ, Hagan MP, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, Zietman AL. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Selective Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy: A Pooled Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Fluorouracil, Cisplatin, RT

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Regimen, Kaufman, et al. 2000 (RTOG 95-06) & Mak et al. 2014

Level of Evidence: Phase I/II

Patients in RTOG 95-06 had clinical T2 to T4a Nx M0 disease without hydronephrosis and creatinine clearance of at least 60 mL/min.

Induction therapy

  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2 IV push once per day on days 1 to 3, 15 to 17, given first, before radiation and cisplatin
  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 15 mg/m2 IV over 1 hour once per day on days 1 to 3, 15 to 17, given second, before radiation
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 3 Gy fractions twice per day, with the first fraction of each day given 1 to 2 hours after completion of chemotherapy and at least 4 hours between fractions, x 8 fractions, given on days 1, 3, 15, 17 (total induction dose: 24 Gy), administered to the whole bladder, bladder tumor volume, and pelvic lymph nodes

Dose modifications:

  • Patients with grade III hematologic toxicity, defined as platelets <50,000 or ANC <1800, had chemotherapy and radiation therapy held for at least one week, with therapy resuming when platelets were at least 100,000 and ANC at least 1800.

Supportive medications:

  • IV hydration at 500 mL/H (no total volume specified) prior to fluorouracil

17-day course, then followed by repeat cystoscopy, biopsy, and urine cytology in week 7 or 8. Patients with complete response proceeded to consolidation chemotherapy/radiation in week 9. Incomplete responders were recommended to undergo radical cystectomy.

Consolidation therapy

Starts on week 9.

  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2 IV push once per day on days 1 to 3, 15 to 17, given first, before radiation and cisplatin
  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 15 mg/m2 IV over 1 hour once per day on days 1 to 3, 15 to 17, given second, before radiation
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 2.5 Gy fractions twice per day, with at least 4 hours between fractions, x 8 fractions, given on days 1, 3, 15, 17 (total consolidation dose: 20 Gy), administered to the whole bladder and bladder tumor volume. The total dose to the whole bladder and bladder tumor volume was 44 Gy in 16 fractions; the total dose to the pelvic lymph nodes was 24 Gy in 8 fractions.

Dose modifications:

  • Patients with grade III hematologic toxicity, defined as platelets <50,000 or ANC <1800, had chemotherapy and radiation therapy held for at least one week, with therapy resuming when platelets were at least 100,000 and ANC at least 1800.

Supportive medications:

  • IV hydration at 500 mL/H (no total volume specified) prior to fluorouracil

17-day course

References

  1. Kaufman DS, Winter KA, Shipley WU, Heney NM, Chetner MP, Souhami L, Zlotecki RA, Sause WT, True LD. The initial results in muscle-invading bladder cancer of RTOG 95-06: phase I/II trial of transurethral surgery plus radiation therapy with concurrent cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil followed by selective bladder preservation or cystectomy depending on the initial response. Oncologist. 2000;5(6):471-6. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Pooled Update: Efstathiou JA, Bae K, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Hagan MP, Heney NM, Sandler HM. Late pelvic toxicity after bladder-sparing therapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: RTOG 89-03, 95-06, 97-06, 99-06. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 1;27(25):4055-61. link to original article PubMed
  3. Pooled Update: Mak RH, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Tester WJ, Hagan MP, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, Zietman AL. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Selective Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy: A Pooled Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Fluorouracil, Mitomycin, RT

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Regimen, James, et al. 2012 (BC2001)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 500 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion x 10 total days (total dose: 5000 mg/m2) during radiation fractions 1 to 5, 16 to 20
  • Mitomycin (Mutamycin) 12 mg/m2 IV bolus once on day 1
  • Radiation therapy given according to one of the following plans:
    • Concurrent radiation therapy, 2.75 Gy fractions x 20 fractions (total dose: 55 Gy) over 4 weeks
    • Concurrent radiation therapy, 2 Gy fractions x 32 fractions (total dose: 64 Gy) over 6.5 weeks

References

  1. James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E, Jenkins P, Tremlett J, Rawlings C, Crundwell M, Sizer B, Sreenivasan T, Hendron C, Lewis R, Waters R, Huddart RA; BC2001 Investigators. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 19;366(16):1477-88. link to original article link to supplementary index contains verified protocol PubMed

Paclitaxel & RT

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Regimen, Zapatero et al. 2012

Level of Evidence: 5 patients

Patients in Zapatero et al. 2012 who had "mild renal insufficiency" received paclitaxel instead of cisplatin and had T2 to T4 N0 M0 disease.

Induction therapy

  • Paclitaxel (Taxol) 50 mg/m2 IV once per week, given 6 hours before radiation therapy
  • Concurrent radiation therapy according to one of the following:
    • Accelerated hyperfractionated RT (AHFRT) with twice per day radiation, consisting of 1.8 Gy fractions x 12 fractions to the bladder and regional lymph nodes; 6 hours later, a 1.6 Gy fraction x 12 fractions is given to the "bladder tumor plus wide margin." Total induction dose to bladder tumor: 40.8 Gy; total induction dose to regional lymph nodes: 21.6 Gy. Zapatero et al. 2012 did not specify the precise schedule of radiation therapy.
    • Normo-fractionated concurrent radiation therapy, total induction and consolidation dose of 64 to 66 Gy; Zapatero et al. 2012 did not specify how much of this dose was given during induction therapy vs. consolidation therapy.

3 weeks after finishing radiation and chemotherapy, patients underwent restaging TURBT. Patient with complete regression (R0) continued to consolidation therapy. Nonresponders proceeded to cystectomy.

Consolidation therapy

  • Paclitaxel (Taxol) 50 mg/m2 IV once per week, given 6 hours before radiation therapy
  • Concurrent radiation therapy according to one of the following:
    • Accelerated hyperfractionated RT (AHFRT), 1.5 Gy fractions twice per day x 16 fractions (total consolidation dose: 24 Gy). After induction radiation therapy and consolidation radiation therapy, total dose to the bladder is 64.8 Gy; total dose to lymph nodes is 45.6 Gy.
    • Normo-fractionated concurrent radiation therapy, total induction and consolidation dose of 64 to 66 Gy; Zapatero et al. 2012 did not specify how much of this dose was given during induction therapy vs. consolidation therapy.

References

  1. Zapatero A, Martin De Vidales C, Arellano R, Ibañez Y, Bocardo G, Perez M, Rabadan M, García Vicente F, Cruz Conde JA, Olivier C. Long-term results of two prospective bladder-sparing trimodality approaches for invasive bladder cancer: neoadjuvant chemotherapy and concurrent radio-chemotherapy. Urology. 2012 Nov;80(5):1056-62. Epub 2012 Sep 19. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Radiation therapy

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Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Inferior to chemoradiation with fluorouracil, mitomycin, RT; included for reference purposes only.

References

  1. James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E, Jenkins P, Tremlett J, Rawlings C, Crundwell M, Sizer B, Sreenivasan T, Hendron C, Lewis R, Waters R, Huddart RA; BC2001 Investigators. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 19;366(16):1477-88. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Adjuvant chemotherapy

Paclitaxel, Gemcitabine, & Cisplatin

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Regimen, Paz-Ares et al 2010 (SOGUG 99/01)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

Patients in Paz-Ares, et al. 2010 (SOGUG 99/01) had pT3-4 and/or pN positive disease with adequate renal function (CrCl > 50 ml/min). The study prematurely closed due to poor recruitment and lacks adequate power to make firm conclusions.

Adjuvant therapy

Patients initially underwent cystectomy; the median time treatment started post-cystectomy was 48 days.

21-day cycles x 4 cycles

References

  1. L. G. Paz-Ares, E. Solsona, E. Esteban, A. Saez, J. Gonzalez-Larriba, A. Anton, M. Hevia, F. de la Rosa, V. Guillem, and J. Bellmunt. Randomized phase III trial comparing adjuvant paclitaxel/gemcitabine/cisplatin (PGC) to observation in patients with resected invasive bladder cancer: Results of the Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group (SOGUG) 99/01 study. ASCO MEETING ABSTRACTS Jun 22, 2010:LBA4518. link to original article contains verified protocol

Concurrent chemotherapy & radiation -> adjuvant chemotherapy

Cisplatin & RT -> MCV

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MCV: Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Vinblastine

Regimen, Hagan, et al. 2003 (RTOG 97-06) & Mak et al. 2014

Level of Evidence: Phase I/II

Patients in Hagan, et al. 2003 (RTOG 97-06) had T2 to T4a N0 M0 disease without hydronephrosis.

Induction therapy

Patients initially underwent "aggressive transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)".

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 20 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, given before radiation therapy.
  • Accelerated concurrent radiation therapy, 1.8 Gy fractions x 12 fractions to the bladder tumor, bladder, and regional lymph nodes; 4 to 6 hours later, a 1.6 Gy fraction x 12 fractions is given to the tumor plus a 2 cm margin. Radiation therapy given 5 days per week; treatment on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 16. Total induction dose to bladder tumor: 40.8 Gy; total induction dose to regional lymph nodes: 21.6 Gy.

16-day course. 3 weeks after chemotherapy & radiation, patients were restaged with cystoscopy, tumor site biopsy, and urine cytology. Patients with complete response proceeded to consolidation therapy. Patients who did not achieve complete response proceeded to cystectomy.

Consolidation therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 20 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9, given before radiation therapy.

Concurrent radiation therapy according to one of the following:

  • Accelerated concurrent radiation therapy, 1.5 Gy fractions twice per day x 16 fractions, treatment given on days 1 to 5, 8 to 10 (total consolidation dose: 24 Gy). After induction radiation therapy and consolidation radiation therapy, total dose to the bladder is 64.8 Gy; total dose to lymph nodes is 45.6 Gy.

10-day course

Adjuvant MCV

Begins 8 weeks after initial therapy. Only 45% of patients in Hagan, et al. 2003 (RTOG 97-06) were able to complete 3 cycles of MCV

28-day cycles x 3 cycles

References

  1. Hagan MP, Winter KA, Kaufman DS, Wajsman Z, Zietman AL, Heney NM, Toonkel LM, Jones CU, Roberts JD, Shipley WU. RTOG 97-06: initial report of a phase I-II trial of selective bladder conservation using TURBT, twice-daily accelerated irradiation sensitized with cisplatin, and adjuvant MCV combination chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Nov 1;57(3):665-72. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Pooled Update: Efstathiou JA, Bae K, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Hagan MP, Heney NM, Sandler HM. Late pelvic toxicity after bladder-sparing therapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: RTOG 89-03, 95-06, 97-06, 99-06. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 1;27(25):4055-61. link to original article PubMed content property of HemOnc.org
  3. Pooled Update: Mak RH, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Tester WJ, Hagan MP, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, Zietman AL. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Selective Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy: A Pooled Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Cisplatin, Paclitaxel, RT --> Cisplatin & Gemcitabine

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Regimen, Kaufman, et al. 2009 (RTOG 99-06) & Mak et al. 2014

Level of Evidence: Phase I/II

Induction therapy

Starts 4 to 6 weeks after transurethral resection of bladder tumor.

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 20 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16
  • Paclitaxel (Taxol) 50 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, with BID RT on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 17; 4 to 6 hours between radiation sessions. Kaufman et al. 2009 (RTOG 99-06) was unclear about exact radiation treatment plan, but it appears to have been the same as described in Mitin et al. 2013 (RTOG 02-33), which used radiation as follows:
    • 1.6 Gy fractions to the pelvis every morning on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 17
    • 1.5 Gy fractions to the bladder every evening on days 1 to 5
    • 1.5 Gy fractions to the tumor every evening on days 8 to 12, 15 to 17
    • Total doses: pelvis: 20.8 Gy; whole bladder: 28.3 Gy; bladder tumor volume 40.3 Gy.

3-week course. On week 7, over 3 weeks after induction therapy, patients under reevaluation with exam under anesthesia, cystoscopy with tumor site biopsy, and urine cytology. Patients with less than stage T1 disease proceeded to consolidation therapy. Patients with at least Stage T1 disease proceeded to radical cystectomy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Note: The abstract of Kaufman, et al. 2009 (RTOG 99-06) said that patients with "greater than Stage T1 disease" were recommended for cystectomy, but figure 1 clarified that it was greater than or equal to T1 disease.

Consolidation therapy

Starts on week 8.

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 20 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9
  • Paclitaxel (Taxol) 50 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.5 Gy fractions x 16 fractions, given twice per day (4 to 6 hour interval between treatments) on days 1 to 5, 8 to 10. Total dose during consolidation is 24 Gy. Total dose after induction therapy and consolidation therapy: pelvis: 44.8 Gy; whole bladder: 52.3 Gy; bladder tumor volume 64.3 Gy.

2-week course

Adjuvant therapy

Starts "12 weeks after consolidation chemoradiotherapy, or 8 weeks after cystectomy."

28-day cycles x 4 cycles

References

  1. Kaufman DS, Winter KA, Shipley WU, Heney NM, Wallace HJ 3rd, Toonkel LM, Zietman AL, Tanguay S, Sandler HM. Phase I-II RTOG study (99-06) of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing transurethral surgery, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and twice-daily radiotherapy followed by selective bladder preservation or radical cystectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Urology. 2009 Apr;73(4):833-7. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Pooled Update: Mak RH, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Tester WJ, Hagan MP, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, Zietman AL. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Selective Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy: A Pooled Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Cisplatin, Paclitaxel, RT --> Cisplatin, Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel

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Regimen, Mitin et al. 2103 (RTOG 02-33) & Mak et al. 2014

Level of Evidence: Phase II

Induction therapy

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 15 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3, 8 to 10, 15 to 17
  • Paclitaxel (Taxol) 50 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 8, 15
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, with BID RT, with at least 4 hours between radiation therapy sessions:
    • 1.6 Gy fractions to the pelvis every morning on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 17
    • 1.5 Gy fractions to the bladder every evening on days 1 to 5
    • 1.5 Gy fractions to the tumor every evening on days 8 to 12, 15 to 17
    • Total doses: pelvis: 20.8 Gy; whole bladder: 28.3 Gy; bladder tumor volume 40.3 Gy.

3-week course. On week 7, patients under reevaluation for response. Patients with less than stage T1 disease proceeded to consolidation therapy. Patients with at least stage T1 disease proceeded to radical cystectomy on week 9, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.

Consolidation therapy

Starts on week 8.

  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 15 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9
  • Paclitaxel (Taxol) 50 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 & 8
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.5 Gy fractions x 16 fractions, given twice per day x 8 days. Total dose during consolidation is 24 Gy. Total dose after induction therapy and consolidation therapy: pelvis: 44.8 Gy; whole bladder: 52.3 Gy; bladder tumor volume 64.3 Gy.

2-week course

Adjuvant therapy

"Adjuvant chemotherapy began 12 weeks after consolidation chemoradiotherapy or 8 weeks after cystectomy."

21-day cycles x 4 cycles

References

  1. Mitin T, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Uzzo R, Wu CL, Buyyounouski MK, Sandler H, Zietman AL. Transurethral surgery and twice-daily radiation plus paclitaxel-cisplatin or fluorouracil-cisplatin with selective bladder preservation and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (RTOG 0233): a randomised multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Aug;14(9):863-72. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Pooled Update: Mak RH, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Tester WJ, Hagan MP, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, Zietman AL. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Selective Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy: A Pooled Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Fluorouracil, Cisplatin, RT --> Cisplatin, Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel

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Regimen, Mitin et al. 2103 (RTOG 02-33) & Mak et al. 2014

Level of Evidence: Phase II

Induction therapy

  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3, 8 to 10, 15 to 17
  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 15 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3, 8 to 10, 15 to 17
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, with BID RT, with at least 4 hours between radiation therapy sessions:
    • 1.6 Gy fractions to the pelvis every morning on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 17
    • 1.5 Gy fractions to the bladder every evening on days 1 to 5
    • 1.5 Gy fractions to the tumor every evening on days 8 to 12, 15 to 17
    • Total doses: pelvis: 20.8 Gy; whole bladder: 28.3 Gy; bladder tumor volume 40.3 Gy.

3-week course. On week 7, patients under reevaluation for response. Patients with less than stage T1 disease proceeded to consolidation therapy. Patients with at least stage T1 disease proceeded to radical cystectomy on week 9, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.

Consolidation therapy

Starts on week 8.

  • Fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1 to 3, 8 to 10
  • Cisplatin (Platinol) 15 mg/m2 IV once per day on days 1, 2, 8, 9
  • Concurrent radiation therapy, 1.5 Gy fractions x 16 fractions, given twice per day x 8 days. Total dose during consolidation is 24 Gy. Total dose after induction therapy and consolidation therapy: pelvis: 44.8 Gy; whole bladder: 52.3 Gy; bladder tumor volume 64.3 Gy.

2-week course

Adjuvant therapy

"Adjuvant chemotherapy began 12 weeks after consolidation chemoradiotherapy or 8 weeks after cystectomy."

21-day cycles x 4 cycles

References

  1. Mitin T, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Uzzo R, Wu CL, Buyyounouski MK, Sandler H, Zietman AL. Transurethral surgery and twice-daily radiation plus paclitaxel-cisplatin or fluorouracil-cisplatin with selective bladder preservation and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (RTOG 0233): a randomised multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Aug;14(9):863-72. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Pooled Update: Mak RH, Hunt D, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Tester WJ, Hagan MP, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, Zietman AL. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Selective Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy: A Pooled Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 3. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic disease

Carboplatin & Gemcitabine (GC)

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GC: Gemcitabine, Carboplatin

Regimen

Level of Evidence: Randomized Phase II, >20 per arm

21-day cycles x up to 6 cycles, until progression of disease, unacceptable toxicity, or physician discretion based on patient's best interests

References

  1. Dogliotti L, Cartenì G, Siena S, Bertetto O, Martoni A, Bono A, Amadori D, Onat H, Marini L. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine plus carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Eur Urol. 2007 Jul;52(1):134-41. Epub 2006 Dec 26. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Carboplatin & Paclitaxel

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Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase II

21-day cycles x up to 6 cycles

References

  1. Vaughn DJ, Manola J, Dreicer R, See W, Levitt R, Wilding G. Phase II study of paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with advanced carcinoma of the urothelium and renal dysfunction (E2896): a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer. 2002 Sep 1;95(5):1022-7. link to original article contains protocol PubMed

CISCA

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CISCA: CISplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin

Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase III

21-day cycles x up to 6 cycles

Supportive medications:

  • Forced mannitol diuresis with cisplatin

References

  1. Logothetis CJ, Dexeus FH, Finn L, Sella A, Amato RJ, Ayala AG, Kilbourn RG. A prospective randomized trial comparing MVAC and CISCA chemotherapy for patients with metastatic urothelial tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1990 Jun;8(6):1050-5. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Cisplatin & Gemcitabine (GC/GP)

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GC: Gemcitabine, Cisplatin
GP: Gemcitabine, Platinol

Regimen #1, von der Maase et al. 2000 & Bellmunt et al. 2012 (EORTC 30987)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

28-day cycles x 6 cycles, given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity

Regimen #2, Dogliotti et al. 2007

Level of Evidence: Randomized Phase II, >20 per arm

21-day cycles x up to 6 cycles, until progression of disease, unacceptable toxicity, or physician discretion based on patient's best interests

Regimen #3, Soto Parra et al. 2002 (3-week schedule)

Level of Evidence: Randomized Phase II, >20 per arm

Only a minority of patients in Soto Parra et al. 2002 had bladder cancer. The majority of patients had non-small cell lung cancer.

21-day cycles x up to 6 cycles, until progression of disease, unacceptable toxicity, or physician discretion based on patient's best interests

Supportive medications:

  • 2 liters of fluid and "appropriate antiemetic therapy" given with cisplatin
  • "blood-product transfusion and the administration of antibiotics, antiemetics and analgesics, as appropriate"

Regimen #4, Soto Parra et al. 2002 (4-week schedule)

Level of Evidence: Randomized Phase II, >20 per arm

Only a minority of patients in Soto Parra et al. 2002 had bladder cancer. The majority of patients had non-small cell lung cancer.

28-day cycles x up to 6 cycles, until progression of disease, unacceptable toxicity, or physician discretion based on patient's best interests

Supportive medications:

  • 2 liters of fluid and "appropriate antiemetic therapy" given with cisplatin
  • "blood-product transfusion and the administration of antibiotics, antiemetics and analgesics, as appropriate"

References

  1. von der Maase H, Hansen SW, Roberts JT, Dogliotti L, Oliver T, Moore MJ, Bodrogi I, Albers P, Knuth A, Lippert CM, Kerbrat P, Sanchez Rovira P, Wersall P, Cleall SP, Roychowdhury DF, Tomlin I, Visseren-Grul CM, Conte PF. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Sep;18(17):3068-77. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. Soto Parra H, Cavina R, Latteri F, Sala A, Dambrosio M, Antonelli G, Morenghi E, Alloisio M, Ravasi G, Santoro A. Three-week versus four-week schedule of cisplatin and gemcitabine: results of a randomized phase II study. Ann Oncol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1080-6. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. Dogliotti L, Cartenì G, Siena S, Bertetto O, Martoni A, Bono A, Amadori D, Onat H, Marini L. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine plus carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Eur Urol. 2007 Jul;52(1):134-41. Epub 2006 Dec 26. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  4. Bellmunt J, von der Maase H, Mead GM, Skoneczna I, De Santis M, Daugaard G, Boehle A, Chevreau C, Paz-Ares L, Laufman LR, Winquist E, Raghavan D, Marreaud S, Collette S, Sylvester R, de Wit R. Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Paclitaxel/Cisplatin/ Gemcitabine and Gemcitabine/Cisplatin in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Without Prior Systemic Therapy: EORTC Intergroup Study 30987. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Feb 27. [Epub ahead of print] link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Cisplatin, Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel (PCG)

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PCG: Paclitaxel, Cisplatin, Gemcitabine

Regimen, Bellmunt et al. 2012 (EORTC 30987)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

21-day cycles x up to 6 cycles

References

  1. Bellmunt J, von der Maase H, Mead GM, Skoneczna I, De Santis M, Daugaard G, Boehle A, Chevreau C, Paz-Ares L, Laufman LR, Winquist E, Raghavan D, Marreaud S, Collette S, Sylvester R, de Wit R. Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Paclitaxel/Cisplatin/ Gemcitabine and Gemcitabine/Cisplatin in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Without Prior Systemic Therapy: EORTC Intergroup Study 30987. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Feb 27. [Epub ahead of print] link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Gemcitabine & Paclitaxel

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Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase II

21-day cycles x up to 6 cycles

References

  1. Meluch AA, Greco FA, Burris HA 3rd, O'Rourke T, Ortega G, Steis RG, Morrissey LH, Johnson V, Hainsworth JD. Paclitaxel and gemcitabine chemotherapy for advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract: a phase II trial of the Minnie pearl cancer research network. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jun 15;19(12):3018-24. link to original article PubMed

MVAC

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MVAC: Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Adriamycin, Cisplatin

Regimen #1, Sternberg et al. 2001 (dose-dense EORTC 30924)

Level of Evidence: Phase III

14-day cycles, given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity; in contrast to Sternberg et al. 2001, Sternberg et al. 2006 specified 15-day cycles

Supportive medications:

  • G-CSF 240 ug/m2 SC once per day on days 4 to 10 (additional use up to a total of 14 consecutive days if needed), injected at alternating sites, discontinued if ANC >30 x 109/L. In contrast to Sternberg et al. 2001, Sternberg et al. 2006 said G-CSF was given on days 3-7.

Regimen #2, Logothetis et al. 1990; Sternberg et al. 2001 (EORTC 30924); Han et al. 2008

Level of Evidence: Phase III

28-day cycles x 6 cycles (number of cycles and criteria to continue therapy varies depending on reference)

References

  1. Logothetis CJ, Dexeus FH, Finn L, Sella A, Amato RJ, Ayala AG, Kilbourn RG. A prospective randomized trial comparing MVAC and CISCA chemotherapy for patients with metastatic urothelial tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1990 Jun;8(6):1050-5. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  2. von der Maase H, Hansen SW, Roberts JT, Dogliotti L, Oliver T, Moore MJ, Bodrogi I, Albers P, Knuth A, Lippert CM, Kerbrat P, Sanchez Rovira P, Wersall P, Cleall SP, Roychowdhury DF, Tomlin I, Visseren-Grul CM, Conte PF. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Sep;18(17):3068-77. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  3. Sternberg CN, de Mulder PH, Schornagel JH, Théodore C, Fossa SD, van Oosterom AT, Witjes F, Spina M, van Groeningen CJ, de Balincourt C, Collette L; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol no. 30924. J Clin Oncol. 2001 May 15;19(10):2638-46. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
    1. Update: Sternberg CN, de Mulder P, Schornagel JH, Theodore C, Fossa SD, van Oosterom AT, Witjes JA, Spina M, van Groeningen CJ, Duclos B, Roberts JT, de Balincourt C, Collette L; EORTC Genito-Urinary Cancer Group. Seven year update of an EORTC phase III trial of high-dose intensity M-VAC chemotherapy and G-CSF versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2006 Jan;42(1):50-4. Epub 2005 Dec 5. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed
  4. Han KS, Joung JY, Kim TS, Jeong IG, Seo HK, Chung J, Lee KH. Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin combination regimen as salvage chemotherapy for patients with advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma after failure of gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2008 Jan 15;98(1):86-90. Epub 2007 Dec 18. link to original article contains verified protocol PubMed

Pemetrexed (Alimta)

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Regimen, Sweeney, et al. 2006

Level of Evidence: Phase II

21-day cycles

References

  1. Sweeney CJ, Roth BJ, Kabbinavar FF, Vaughn DJ, Arning M, Curiel RE, Obasaju CK, Wang Y, Nicol SJ, Kaufman DS. Phase II study of pemetrexed for second-line treatment of transitional cell cancer of the urothelium. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 20;24(21):3451-7. link to original article contains protocol PubMed


Weekly Paclitaxel (Taxol)

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Regimen

Level of Evidence: Phase II

28-day cycles

References

  1. Vaughn DJ, Broome CM, Hussain M, Gutheil JC, Markowitz AB. Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Feb 15;20(4):937-40. link to original article contains protocol [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11844814 PubMed}

Links

Urine assays

These are assays intended/being investigated as adjuncts to urine cytology and cystoscopy.

  • Cxbladder (uRNA-2), a "urine based bladder cancer test (uRNA-2) which detects RNA markers in urine."
  • ImmunoCyt™/uCyt+™, a cell-based detection assay which "uses fluorescent-labeled antibodies to 3 markers that are commonly found on malignant exfoliated urothelial cells."[1]
  • UroVysion (Abbott Molecular) "designed to detect aneuploidy for chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and loss of the 9p21 locus via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in urine specimens from persons with hematuria suspected of having bladder cancer."

References

  1. ↑ Greene KL, Berry A, Konety BR. Diagnostic Utility of the ImmunoCyt/uCyt+ Test in Bladder Cancer. Rev Urol. 2006 Fall;8(4):190-7. link to original article PubMed
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